Abstract: In the context of climate change, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events have significantly increased, leading to more complex, systematic, and nonlinear disaster risks. The traditional insurance mechanism based on experiences is facing great challenges. As a strategic support system integrating multiple disciplines, meteorological science and technology are deeply embedded in the entire process of risk identification, pricing, claims settlement, and early warning in catastrophe insurance. Starting from the evolution of global catastrophe risks, this paper analyzes the policy orientation and regulatory trends in China regarding the development of meteorological science and technology and the construction of catastrophe insurance systems. It systematically outlines differentiated technical demands of insurance institutions for meteorological science and technology in various business segments such as underwriting, reinsurance, and services. It focuses on discussing the key tools and application scenarios in the processes of underwriting, pricing, claims settlement, and disaster prevention and mitigation, revealing the fundamental supporting role of meteorological science and technology in the forward intervention, intelligent evolution, and parameterization transformation of the insurance mechanism. Based on the work outlined above, this paper proposes policy measures such as improving the data governance system, optimizing the technological innovation mechanism, exploring the path of coordinated development, and establishing a composite talent system, etc. The present study provides both theoretical basis and practical paths for building a climate risk protection framework with predictability, resilience, and adaptability.