Research on Earth System Models and Numerical Simulations

Abstract  The Earth system is a complex, nonlinear, and multi-coupled giant system that integrates the atmosphere, land, ocean, cryosphere, soil, and lithosphere along with their associated organisms, through a series of interactive processes. The Earth System Model (ESM) is an advanced mathematical-physical model designed to represent such complex, coupled system. It extends beyond the traditional climate system models that focus primarily on the physical representation of atmospheric, land, and oceanic states. Consequently, the ESM can be utilized not only for weather forecasting and climate prediction, but also for investigating the evolution of the environment and ecosystems, as well as the impact of human activities on the climate and ecological environment, and eventually supports the development of rational and optimal strategies for human intervention in natural systems.  This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the historical development of the Earth System Model, and the details of the components of the ESMs. The features of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Earth System Model (CAS-ESM), as well as its significant achievements and applications in numerical simulation are elaborated. Finally, some challenges and prospects for further development are delineated.