Abstract:
Super typhoon Rammasun (2014) is simulated using the Advanced Weather Research Forecasting model (WRFv3.5). The simulated typhoon track, intensity, precipitation and contents of hydrometeors using the WRF Single-Moment 6-class (WSM6) scheme and WRF Double-Moment 6-class (WDM6) scheme are compared with observations of radar and satellite and rain gauge data. The drop size distribution and several critical source-sink terms that contribute to rain are analyzed. The difference between the simulated track and the CMA best-track data of the storm is less significant than the difference in the intensity between simulations and observation. The spatial distribution of accumulated precipitation simulated by both schemes is quite consistent with the rain gauge data. However, the strong (weak) rainfall rate is overestimated (underestimated) by the WDM6 scheme. Compared with observations retrieved from satellite data, contents of the five hydrometeors (cloud ice, snow, graupel, cloud water, rain) in convective area are overestimated in both the simulations using the two schemes. Note that overestimations of the convective area and the rain-water mixing ratio aloft are especially large in the simulation using the WDM6 scheme. The overall distribution of radar echo reflectivity can be simulated by both schemes except over the tropical cyclone eye area, where the reflectivity is overestimated. The WDM6 scheme cannot simulate the weak reflectivity outside the eyewall below the melting layer, but overestimates the reflectivity in the eyewall region, which reflects more (larger) content (drop size) of rain. The WDM6 scheme is a warm-rain double-moment cloud microphysical scheme. Parameterization functions of cloud activation, dropsize distribution and conversion of cloud water to rain in the WDM6 scheme are different to that in the WSM6, which lead to more realistic simulation of evolution of rain-drop during the development of Rammasun. However, the WDM6 overestimates the rain water content in the middle-lower troposphere and simulates a steep decline in mixing ratio at the ground. Moreover, the simple Kohler function adopted by WDM6 scheme to activate the cloud-droplet should be adjusted according to the realistic condition of the cloud condensation nuclei in the atmosphere.