Abstract:
A quantitative analysis of cloud fraction, cloud radiative forcing (CRF), and cloud radiative heating rate (CRH) of three single-layered cloud types (include high clouds, middle clouds and low clouds) and three two-layered cloud types (high clouds overlapping middle clouds or low clouds and middle clouds overlapping low clouds) is presented, based on the 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR and 2B-FLXHR-LIDAR products (covering four years from 2007 to 2010) over the southern mid-high latitudes (40°-65°S). The CRH at a given atmospheric level is defined as the cloudy minus clear-sky radiative heating rate. The statistical results show that regionally averaged cloud fractions of the single-layered low clouds and single-layered middle clouds are 44.1% and 10.3% respectively indicating their prevalence over studied region. Moreover, among two-layered cloud types middle clouds overlapping low clouds also show largest cloud fraction (8.7%). Significantly, cloud fractions of various cloud types affect their CRFs. The regionally averaged net CRF induced by the single-layered low clouds at the top and bottom of the atmosphere (TOA and BOA) and in the atmosphere are -64.8, -56.5, and -8.4 W/m
2, respectively, whose absolute values are largest among all cloud types. Although net CRFs at the TOA and BOA induced by single-layered middle clouds are also negative, its net CRF in the atmosphere is positive with a value of 2.3 W/m
2. Ultimately, impacts of different cloud types on the atmospheric vertical distributions of radiation energy are also presented. The shortwave CRHs (or the long wave CRHs) of all cloud types similarly transform from negative to positive (or from positive to negative) with increasing altitude. For most cloud types, their net CRHs is dominated by associated long wave CRHs. These results are designed to provide the observational basis for the applicability of the regional assessment and improvement in the cloud parameterization schemes of the model.