Abstract: The Earth system is a complex, nonlinear, and highly coupled system that integrates the atmosphere, land, ocean, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere through various physical, chemical, and biological processes. The Earth System Model (ESM) is an advanced mathematical–physical representation of this intricate system. It extends beyondthe traditional climate system models that focus primarily on the physical representation of atmospheric, terrestrial, and oceanic states to encompass environmental and ecological dynamics. Consequently, ESMs are essential tools notonly for weather and climate prediction but also for studying environmental and ecological evolution, human-in-duced climate impacts, and optimizing strategies for climate and ecological management.