A study on vertical structure and macro- to micro-characteristics and differences of precipitation in Sichuan basin and the surrounding areas
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摘要: 为进一步认识地形对降水的影响，利用2014年3月—2020年12月全球降水测量卫星（GPM）星载双频雷达（DPR）探测资料研究了四川盆地（C1）及邻近山地（C2）和高原东坡（C3）降水的垂直结构及宏微观特征和差异。结果表明：（1）GPM/DPR与地面雨滴谱仪的测量结果有较好的一致性。（2）降水样本总数为C1>C3>C2，层性云降水频次远高于对流云降水。（3）两类降水的降水顶高度均为C3>C2>C1。层性云降水，C1能够发展到最强，垂直厚度最大、雨滴谱最宽。降水顶向下，回波强度、雨滴谱和降水强度均增大。0℃层以上，C3回波增强最快；0℃层以下，C1回波达到最强，降水强度增强最快。（4）对于对流云降水，C2和C3弱对流的回波较强、垂直尺度较大，粒径较小而数浓度较高。C1强对流的回波较强、垂直尺度较大，大粒子数浓度更高。降水顶往下，回波强度和降水强度均增强，降水强度廓线斜率最大的地区从C2转为C1，至近地面前斜率均为0。粒径和数浓度变化较复杂，C1以凝结和碰并占主导，C2和C3的凝结和碰并、蒸发和破碎都重要。（5）当近地面产生较小降水强度时，粒子的增长多发生在降水顶以下0.5—2 km；随后蒸发和破碎效应增强，尤其是C1。当近地面降水强度进一步增强时，凝结和碰并作用占主导。Abstract: To advance the understanding of terrain influences on precipitation physics, the GPM space-borne dual-frequency radar (DPR) products collected from March 2014 to December 2020 are used to study the differences and characteristics of precipitation vertical structure and macro- to micro-parameters in three different sub-regions, including the Sichuan basin (C1, the region with altitudes smaller than 1 km), its surrounding mountains (C2, the mountainous region surrounding C1 with altitudes greater than 1 km but smaller than 3.5 km) and the plateau region (C3, the eastern slope region of the Tibetan Plateau with altitudes greater than 3.5 km). Results indicate that: (1) Validation of GPM/DPR data indicate that they agree well with surface disdrometer measurements. (2) Total numbers of precipitation samples in the three subregions are C1>C3>C2, and stratiform precipitation in all the three sub-regions shows a much higher frequency than the convective precipitation. (3) For stratiform and convective precipitation, the rain top height indicates that C3>C2>C1. For stratiform precipitation, cloud-precipitation in C1 can develop to the strongest with widest raindrop spectrum and largest vertical scales. In the vertical direction, radar echo intensity, raindrop spectra and rain rate all increase with decreasing height. Above the 0℃ layer, the echo intensity increases most rapidly in C3; below the 0℃ layer, the echo intensity is the strongest and the rain rate is the fastest in C1. (4) For convective precipitation, weak convective precipitation has relatively strong echo intensity, large vertical scale, small raindrop diameters and high concentration in C2 and C3. On the contrary, deep convective precipitation has relatively strong echo intensity, large vertical scale and high concentration of large particles in C1. In the vertical direction, profiles of echo intensity and rain rate of the cloud-precipitation in the three sub-regions both increase with decreasing height, and the large slope of the rain rate profile is changed from C2 to C1. When closing to the surface, the slope of the rain rate profile is 0 in all the three subregions of C1, C2 and C3. However, the profiles of the raindrop diameter and concentration are more complicated. They are dominated by coagulation and collision-coalescence in C1, while coagulation and collision-coalescence as well as evaporation and shattering can be more critical in C2 and C3. (5) For small surface rain rate, the growth process of the particles more likely appears at 0.5–2 km, and evaporation and shattering can then become more important, especially in C1. When surface rain rate is increasing, collision-coalescence is dominant in all the three sub-regions.
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图 1 研究区域的地理位置和地形 （a，色阶：海拔高度） 及3个子地区分布 （b，色阶：3个子区，黑色点为激光雨滴谱仪站点）
Figure 1. Geographical location and topography of the study area （a，shaded：altitude） and the three sub-regions determined by altitudes （b，shaded：three areas）
图 2 GPM/DPR离地最近距离库和地面Parsivel雨滴谱仪的测量结果对比 （a. Ze， b. R， c. Dm， d. dBNw）
Figure 2. Matching results of GPM/DPR （using the gate closest to the ground） and Parsivel for Ze （a），R （b），Dm （c），dBNw （d）
图 3 观测期间500 （a）、700 （b）和850 （c） hPa平均水平风场 （风矢） 和水汽通量 （色阶）
Figure 3. Average horizontal wind fields （black arrow） and water vapor fluxes （shaded） at 500 （a），700 （b） and 850 （c） hPa for the study region during the observation period
图 4 三个子地区两类降水的HET概率分布 （a. 层性降水，b. 对流降水）
Figure 4. PDFs of HETs for two precipitation types in the three sub-regions （a. stratiform precipitation，b. convective precipitation）
图 5 三个子地区层性降水Ze的NCFAD （a1—c1. 按T0对齐后的观测结果，a2—c2. 按海拔高度的观测结果，a、b、c分别对应C1、C2、C3；d1—d2. 中位数廓线和T0的对比结果；Distance代表与T0的距离，ASL代表海拔高度；色阶：不同高度、不同参量区间的频数与所有区间最大频数的比值；带标号的曲线为中位数廓线，水平黑色实线为T0，水平黑色虚线为T0加/减一倍标准差的高度）
Figure 5. NCFADs of Ze for stratiform precipitation observed over three sub-regions （a1—c1. results according to T0，a2—c2. results by altitude，the C1，C2，and C3 are presented a，b and c；d1—d2. results of median profiles and T0；Distance stands for distance from T0，ASL stands for altitude；shaded，ratio of frequencies of different heights and different parameter intervals to maximum frequencies of all intervals；marked profiles are medians，horizontal solid black lines represent T0，and horizontal dashed black lines denote T0 plus or minus their standard deviations）
图 6 三个子区对流降水Ze的NCFAD （a—c. C1、C2、C3观测，d. 中位数廓线和T0对比；ASL为海拔高度；色阶：不同高度、不同参量区间的频数与所有区间最大频数的比值；带标号的曲线为中位数廓线，水平黑色实线为T0，水平黑色虚线为T0加/减一倍标准差的高度）
Figure 6. NCFADs of Ze for convective precipitation observed over three sub-regions （a—c. results for C1，C2，and C3，d. results of median profiles and T0；ASL stands for altitude；shaded，ratio of frequencies of different heights and different parameter intervals to maximum frequencies of all intervals；marked profiles are medians，horizontal solid black lines represent T0，and horizontal dashed black lines denote T0 plus or minus their standard deviations）
图 7 三个子地区层性降水Dm （a1—d1、a2—d2） 和dBNw （a3—d3、a4—d4） 的NCFAD （a1—c1、a3—c3. 按T0对齐后的观测， a2—c2、a4—c4. 按海拔高度的观测，a、b和c分别对应C1、C2、C3；d. 中位数廓线和T0的对比；Distance代表与T0的距离，ASL代表海拔高度；色阶：不同高度、不同参量区间的频数与所有区间最大频数的比值；带标号的曲线为中位数，水平黑色实线为T0，水平黑色虚线为T0加/减一倍标准差的高度）
Figure 7. NCFADs of Dm and dBNw for stratiform precipitation observed over three sub-regions （a1—c1，a3—c3. results by altitude，a2—c2，a4—c4. results according to T0，the C1，C2，and C3 are presented a，b and c；d1—d2，d3—d4. results of median profiles and T0；Distance stands for distance from T0，ASL stands for altitude；shaded，ratio of frequencies of different heights and different parameter intervals to maximum frequencies of all intervals；marked profiles are medians，horizontal solid black lines represent T0，and horizontal dashed black lines denote T0 plus or minus their standard deviations）
图 8 三个子地区对流降水Dm （a1—d1） 和dBNw （a2—d2） 的NCFAD （a—c. C1、C2和C3的观测，d. 中位数和T0的对比；ASL代表海拔高度；色阶：不同高度、不同参量区间的频数与所有区间最大频数的比值；带标号的曲线为中位数，水平黑色实线为T0，水平黑色虚线为T0加/减一倍标准差的高度）
Figure 8. NCFADs of Dm and dBNw for convective precipitation observed over three sub-regions （a1—c1，a2—c2. results for C1，C2，and C3；d1，d2. results of median profiles and T0；ASL stands for altitude；shaded，ratio of frequencies of different heights and different parameter intervals to maximum frequencies of all intervals；marked profiles are medians，horizontal solid black lines represent T0，and horizontal dashed black lines denote T0 plus or minus their standard deviations）
图 9 三个子区层性降水在Rs1≤0.4 mm/h （a1—a3）、0.4<Rs2≤0.7 mm/h （b1—b3）、0.7<Rs3≤1.2 mm/h （c1—c3）和Rs4>1.2 mm/h （d1—d3）的Ze（a1—d1）、Dm（a2—d2）和dBNw（a3—d3）的平均廓线
Figure 9. Average profiles of Ze （a1—d1），Dm （a2—d2），and dBNw （a3—d3） for stratiform precipitation calculated by Rs1≤0.4 mm/h （a1—a3），0.4<Rs2≤0.7 mm/h （b1—b3），0.7<Rs3≤1.2 mm/h （c1—c3） and Rs4>1.2 mm/h （d1—d3）
图 10 三个子区对流降水在Rs1≤0.7 mm/h （a1—a3）、0.7<Rs2≤1.7 mm/h （b1—b3）、1.7<Rs3≤4.2 mm/h （c1—c3）和Rs4>4.2 mm/h （d1—d3）的Ze（a1—d1）、Dm（a2—d2）和dBNw（a3—d3）的平均廓线
Figure 10. Average profiles of Ze （a1—d1），Dm （a2—d2），and dBNw （a3—d3） for convective precipitation calculated by Rs1≤0.7 mm/h （a1—a3），0.7<Rs2≤1.7 mm/h （b1—b3），1.7<Rs3≤4.2 mm/h （c1—c3） and Rs4>4.2 mm/h （d1—d3）
图 11 三个子地区层性降水 （a1—c1） 和对流降水 （a2—c2） R的平均廓线 （a、b和c分别对应C1、C2和C3，黑色圆、三角、正方形分别为降水顶向下到第1、第2、第3个廓线斜率变化的高度）
Figure 11. Average profiles of R for the stratiform precipitation （a1—c1） and convective precipitation （a2—c2） （C1，C2，and C3 are presented a，b，and c；black circle represents height of slope change from the precipitation top down to the first profile, black triangle represents height of slope change further down to the second profile, and black square represents height of slope change further down to the third profile）
表 1 观测期间GPM/DPR在3个子地区探测的层性和对流降水样本数及百分比
Table 1. Total sample numbers and percentages of stratiform and convective precipitation detected by GPM/DPR in the three sub-regions during the observation period
降水类型 不同子地区廓线数（占比） C1 C2 C3 总数 层性降水 总面积 143003（91.3%） 103314（91.0%） 130071（90.1%） 376388 单位面积 0.61 0.51 0.55 0.56 对流降水 总面积 13548（8.7%） 10277（9.0%） 14231（9.9%） 38056 单位面积 0.058 0.051 0.061 0.057 总数 总面积 156551 113591 144302 414444 单位面积 0.67 0.56 0.61 0.62 
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表 2 三个子地区两类降水的HET分位数和平均值
Table 2. HET statistical quantiles and averages of two precipitation types in the three sub-regions
降水类型 子区 分位数（km） 平均值（km） 5% 25% 50% 75% 95% 层性降水 C1 3.0 4.7 5.7 7.0 9.3 5.9 C2 4.3 5.3 6.3 7.7 9.7 6.5 C3 5.7 6.7 7.3 8.3 10.0 7.6 对流降水 C1 3.0 5.3 6.7 9.3 13.3 7.4 C2 4.3 5.7 7.0 9.0 12.3 7.5 C3 5.7 6.7 8.0 9.7 13.0 8.5
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表 3 三个子地区两类降水强度的斜率
Table 3. Slopes of R for stratiform and convective precipitation in the three sub-regions
C1 C2 C3 层性降水 第1层 −0.30 −0.31 −0.25 第2层 −0.40 −0.39 −0.29 第3层 −0.06 −0.04 −0.01 对流降水 第1层 −0.16 −0.20 −0.14 第2层 −0.28 −0.28 −0.17 第3层 −0.07 −0.06 −0.03 第4层 0 0 0
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