江苏典型下击暴流风暴结构特征统计分析

王易; 郑媛媛; 庄潇然; 张静; 慕瑞琪; 孙康远

doi:10.11676/qxxb2022.023

江苏典型下击暴流风暴结构特征统计分析

doi: 10.11676/qxxb2022.023

王易^{1, 2,},
郑媛媛^{2, 3, ,},
庄潇然^{1, 2},
张静^{1, 2},
慕瑞琪^{1, 2},
孙康远^{2, 3}

1.
江苏省气象台，南京，210019
2.
中国气象局交通气象重点开放实验室，南京，210019
3.
南京气象科技创新研究院，南京，210019

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（U2142203）、北极阁基金项目（BJG201907）、江苏省气象局科研重点项目（KZ202001）、江苏省“333工程”科研项目（BRA2020427）、南京气象科技创新研究院北极阁开放研究基金（BJG202103）、中国气象科学研究院基本科研业务费专项资金项目（2021Z003）

详细信息

作者简介:
王易，主要从事短时临近预报研究。E-mail：wangyi401@163.com

通讯作者:
郑媛媛，主要从事雷达气象和天气预报研究。E-mail：zhengyy63@sina.com

中图分类号: P425.8
计量
- 文章访问数: 505
- HTML全文浏览量: 71
- PDF下载量: 228
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-08-30
- 修回日期: 2022-01-28
- 网络出版日期: 2022-02-22

Statistical analysis of the structural characteristics of typical downbursts in Jiangsu province，China

WANG Yi^{1, 2
,},
ZHENG Yuanyuan^{2, 3
, ,},
ZHUANG Xiaoran^{1, 2},
ZHANG Jing^{1, 2},
MU Ruiqi^{1, 2},
SUN Kangyuan^{2, 3}

1.
Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory，Nanjing 210019，China
2.
Key Laboratory of Transportation of Meteorology CMA，Nanjing 210019，China
3.
Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences，Nanjing 210019，China

摘要

摘要: 为了研究江苏地区下击暴流的结构特征，利用常规天气资料、雷达探测资料、自动气象站观测资料和ERA5再分析资料等，选取2007—2018年江苏地区19个典型下击暴流过程进行统计分析。结果表明：江苏下击暴流的分布呈北多南少，以湿下击暴流为主，7月是下击暴流的高发月份，孤立风暴型下击暴流具有弱的天气尺度强迫和上干下湿的结构，风暴移速较慢，飑线镶嵌型下击暴流具有很强的天气尺度强迫特征，风暴移速较快。下击暴流影响期间地面温度变化剧烈，温度降低伴随有明显风速增大过程。统计显示，产生下击暴流风暴的环境温度平均垂直递减率为6.8℃/km，能够保证负浮力的维持，干冷空气被中层辐合气流夹卷进入风暴内进一步加强了下沉气流，使得下击暴流得以维持和加强。下击暴流的初生阶段，强反射率因子核心和中层径向辐合出现在下击暴流发生前20—30 min，成熟阶段，强反射率因子核心高度有明显降低，低层呈辐散结构。
- 下击暴流 /
- 假相当位温 /
- 风切变 /
- 中层径向辐合 /
- 下沉气流
Abstract: 19 typical downburst events in Jiangsu province from 2007 to 2018 are statistically analyzed using conventional observations, radar data, automatic meteorological station (AMS) data and ERA5 reanalysis product to reveal their structural characteristics. The results show high frequency of downburst in the north of Jiangsu and low frequency in the south, while wet downbursts account for most of the cases. July is the month with high downburst occurrences. The downburst caused by an isolated storm is featured by weak synoptic-scale forcing, wet low levels and dry mid- to high levels and slow storm movement. However, the downburst embedded in a squall line is featured by strong synoptic-scale forcing and fast storm movement. The ground temperature changes drastically during the downburst, and the temperature drop is accompanied by significant increase in wind speed. By statistics, the average vertical lapse rate of temperature is 6.8℃/km, which can ensure the maintenance of negative buoyancy. The dry and cold air is entrained into the storm by the mid-level convergent airflow and further strengthens the downdraft, which helps maintain and strengthen the downburst. In the initial stage, strong reflectivity and mid-level radial convergence appear 20—30 min prior to the downburst. In the mature stage, the height of the strong reflectivity core significantly descends, and the lower layer presents a divergence structure.
- Downburst /
- Pseudo equivalent temperature /
- Wind shear /
- Mid-altitude radial convergence /
- Downdraft

HTML全文

图 1 2007—2018年江苏省典型下击暴流发生地点分布（色阶为地形高度，圆圈代表下击暴流发生地点）

Figure 1. Distribution of typical downburst cases in Jiangsu from 2007 to 2018 （shaded areas indicate terrain elevation in Jiangsu，circles indicate the distribution of downburst）

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 2007—2018年典型下击暴流和江苏雷暴大风出现频率月变化（a）、典型下击暴流出现频率日变化（b）

Figure 2. Monthly variation of occurrence frequency of typical downbursts and thunderstorm gales （a），diurnal variation of occurrence frequency of typical downbursts （b） during 2007—2018

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 孤立风暴型和飑线镶嵌型下击暴流850和500 hPa假相当位温差（a）和0—6 km风切变（b）的累积频率分布

Figure 3. Cumulative frequency distributions of （a） θ_se850–500 and （b） W_sr0–6 for downbursts caused by isolated storms and downbursts embedded in squall lines

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 下击暴流影响期间温度降幅（a）和风速增幅（b）频率分布

Figure 4. Percentage distributions of temperature drop （a） and wind speed increase （b） during the downburst

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 2017年7月14日19时07分雷达风场反演

Figure 5. Radar wind field inversion at 19：07 BT 14 July 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 最强反射率因子出现时间与下击暴流发生时间差的频率分布

Figure 6. Frequency distribution of time lag between the occurrences of the strongest reflectivity factor and the downburst

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 2007年8月2日14时50分（a）、2017年7月14日19时07分（b）反射率因子剖面

Figure 7. Reflectivity factor profiles at （a） 14：50 BT 2 August 2007 and （b） 19：07 BT 14 July 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 中层径向辐合出现时间与下击暴流发生时间差的频率分布

Figure 8. Frequency distribution of time lag between occurrences of the mid-altitude radial convergence and the downburst

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 2007年8月2日14时56分（a）、2017年7月14日19时01分（b）径向速度剖面

Figure 9. Radial velocity profiles at （a） 14：56 BT 2 August 2007 and （b） 19：01 BT 14 July 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 下击暴流成熟阶段低层径向速度差频率分布

Figure 10. Frequency distribution of low-level radial velocity difference in the mature stage of the downburst

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 2007年8月2日15时14分（a）、2017年7月14日19时30分（b）径向速度剖面

Figure 11. Radial velocity profiles at （a） 15：14 BT 2 August 2007 and （b） 19：30 BT 14 July 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 2007年8月2日16时02分（a）、2017年7月14日20时17分（b）径向速度剖面

Figure 12. Radial velocity profiles at （a） 16：02 BT 2 August 2007 and （b） 20：17 BT 14 July 2017

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 不同风暴类型下击暴流的热动力特征统计

Table 1. Statistics of thermal and dynamic characteristics of downburst under different storm types

	V （km/h）	CAPE （J/kg）	ϴ_se850-500 （℃）	LCL （hPa）	W_sr0-2 （m/s）	W_sr0-6 （m/s）
孤立风暴型（DIS）	16	2395	20.98	878	4.5	8.29
飑线镶嵌型（DSL）	47.5	1410	18.8	893	6.28	15.96

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 江苏典型下击暴流过程的垂直温度变化

Table 2. Vertical temperature changes accompanied with typical downbursts in Jiangsu

时间	环境空气最大露点差高度（km）	0℃层高度（km）	下击暴流发生前地面温度（℃）	0℃层以下温度平均递减率（℃/km）
20060627	3.1	4.2	30.1	7.2
20070725	8.4	5.1	31.9	6.3
20070802	5.7	4.9	35.1	7.2
20080707	9.5	5.1	34.9	6.8
20100804	10.8	5.4	35.2	6.5
20110727	7.4	5.2	33.3	6.4
20150806	6.5	4.6	34.7	7.5
20160729a	6.6	5.2	37.8	7.3
20160729b	6.6	5.1	38.1	7.5
20160730	7.5	5.1	35.3	6.9
20170705	7.4	4.7	32.6	6.9
20170714	9.5	4.8	34.3	7.1
20170807	8.4	5.3	36.8	6.9
20170819	8.5	4.8	32.6	6.8
20170828	7.5	5.3	36.1	6.8
20180304	5.6	4.1	20.3	5.0
20180516	4.8	4.6	34.3	7.5
20180628a	4.9	4.5	28.1	6.2
20180628b	4.9	4.6	28.7	6.2
注：时间列中的a和b表示同一日期内两个不同下击暴流个例，下同。

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 江苏典型下击暴流发生前强反射率因子统计

Table 3. Statistics of strong reflectivity before the occurrence of typical downbursts in Jiangsu

时间	强反射率因子核心强度（dBz）	强反射率因子核心高度（km）	仰角（°）	与雷达中心距离（km）
20060627	60	3.1	2.4	61
20070725	60	3.4	4.3	44
20070802	60	4.5	4.3	56
20080707	65	2.2	3.4	35
20100804	/	/	/	2.7
20110727	55	1.3	3.4	20
20150806	63	2.7	6.0	24
20160729a	63	0.9	6.0	8.5
20160729b	58	0.8	6.0	7.4
20160730	63	2.0	6.0	12.4
20170705	63	3.6	6.0	33
20170714	63	4.3	4.3	54.1
20170807	53	1.2	6.0	11.9
20170819	65	3.4	6.0	30.9
20170828	63	5.2	6.0	47.6
20180304	74	4.0	6.0	35.6
20180516	63	2.8	6.0	26.2
20180628a	69	7.0	6.0	63.1
20180628b	63	6.0	4.3	74.4

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 江苏典型下击暴流发生前径向速度统计

Table 4. Radial velocity statistics before the occurrence of typical downbursts in Jiangsu

	径向速度差（m/s）	径向速度大值区高度（km）	仰角（°）	与雷达中心距离（km）
20060627	48	4.0	3.4	62
20070725	34	3.8	4.3	47.9
20070802	41	5.5	6.0	50.5
20080707	24	3.7	6.0	36.3
20100804	/	/	/	2.7
20110727	20	3.1	6.0	27.7
20150806	15	2.7	6.0	24.4
20160729a	12	0.9	6.0	8.1
20160729b	19	0.4	6.0	2.8
20160730	24	2.3	6.0	15.7
20170705	15	4.0	6.0	36.6
20170714	20	4.6	4.3	58.6
20170807	19	1.1	6.0	10.1
20170819	31	4.1	6.0	37.7
20170828	15	4.9	6.0	45.6
20180304	34	3.6	6.0	32.3
20180516	31	2.1	6.0	28.2
20180628a	39	5.7	4.3	61.8
20180628b	20	7.7	6.0	71.5

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 江苏典型下击暴流成熟阶段强反射率因子统计

Table 5. Statistics of strong reflectivity in the mature stage of typical downbursts in Jiangsu

时间	强反射率因子核心强度（dBz）	强反射率因子核心高度（km）	仰角（°）	与雷达中心距离（km）
20060627	58	0.6	0.5	49.5
20070725	58	0.4	0.5	30.6
20070802	58	0.5	0.5	44.5
20080707	63	0.2	0.5	17.5
20100804	/	/	/	/
20110727	63	0.2	0.5	20.6
20150806	63	0.4	0.5	23.5
20160729a	58	0.6	1.5	6.6
20160729b	58	0.3	1.5	8.4
20160730	58	0.7	0.5	12.9
20170705	63	0.4	0.5	30.3
20170714	58	0.6	0.5	46.8
20170807	53	0.3	1.5	10.3
20170819	63	0.7	0.5	54.3
20170828	58	0.7	0.5	54.5
20180304	65	0.5	0.5	34.1
20180516	58	0.2	0.5	21.1
20180628a	63	0.6	0.5	42.9
20180628b	58	0.8	0.5	58.5

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(43)

[1]	毕旭,罗慧,刘勇. 2007. 陕西中部一次下击暴流的多普勒雷达回波特征. 气象,33(1):70-73 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.2007.01.011 Bi X,Luo H,Liu Y. 2007. Doppler radar echo features of a downburst in central part of Shaanxi province. Meteor Mon,33(1):70-73 (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.2007.01.011
[2]	刁秀广,赵振东,高慧君等. 2011. 三次下击暴流雷达回波特征分析. 气象,37(5):522-531 doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2011.05.002 Diao X G,Zhao Z D,Gao H J,et al. 2011. Doppler radar echo features of three downbursts. Meteor Mon,37(5):522-531 (in Chinese) doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2011.05.002
[3]	方翀,王西贵,盛杰等. 2017. 华北地区雷暴大风的时空分布及物理量统计特征分析. 高原气象,36(5):1368-1385 Fang C,Wang X G,Sheng J,et al. 2017. Temporal and spatial distribution of North China thunder-gust winds and the statistical analysis of physical characteristics. Plateau Meteor,36(5):1368-1385 (in Chinese)
[4]	费海燕,王秀明,周小刚等. 2016. 中国强雷暴大风的气候特征和环境参数分析. 气象,42(12):1513-1521 doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2016.12.009 Fei H Y,Wang X M,Zhou X G,et al. 2016. Climatic characteristics and environmental parameters of severe thunderstorm gales in China. Meteor Mon,42(12):1513-1521 (in Chinese) doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2016.12.009
[5]	符式红,王秀明,俞小鼎. 2018. 相似环流背景下海南两次不同类型强对流天气对比研究. 气象学报,76(5):742-754 Fu S H,Wang X M,Yu X D. 2018. A comparative study on two consecutive severe convective weather events in Hainan under similar background. Acta Meteor Sinica,76(5):742-754 (in Chinese)
[6]	李彩玲,蔡康龙,黄先香等. 2021. 桂林一次强下击暴流成因分析. 气象,47(2):242-252 doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2021.02.010 Li C L,Cai K L,Huang X X,et al. 2021. Cause analysis of a severe downburst in Guilin. Meteor Mon,47(2):242-252 (in Chinese) doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2021.02.010
[7]	李宏海,欧进萍. 2015. 我国下击暴流的时空分布特性. 自然灾害学报,24(6):9-18 Li H H,Ou J P. 2015. Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of downburst in China. J Nat Disasters,24(6):9-18 (in Chinese)
[8]	廖晓农,俞小鼎,王迎春. 2008. 北京地区一次罕见的雷暴大风过程特征分析. 高原气象,27(6):1350-1362 Liao X N,Yu X D,Wang Y C. 2008. Analysis on an exceptionally strong wind gust event in Beijing. Plateau Meteor,27(6):1350-1362 (in Chinese)
[9]	罗辉,张杰,朱克云等. 2015. 下击暴流的雷达预警量化指标研究. 气象学报,73(5):853-867 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2015.058 Luo H,Zhang J,Zhu K Y,et al. 2015. Study of the radar quantitative index of forewarning downburst. Acta Meteor Sinica,73(5):853-867 (in Chinese) doi: 10.11676/qxxb2015.058
[10]	孟智勇,姚聃,白兰强等. 2016. 基于实地灾害调研和雷达观测对“东方之星”倾覆地点附近强风的估计. 科学通报,61(7):797-798. Meng Z Y,Yao D,Bai L Q,et al. 2016. Wind estimation around the shipwreck of Oriental Star based on field damage surveys and radar observations. Sci Bull,61(4):330-337.
[11]	孙京,肖艳姣,冷亮. 2019. 基于多普勒天气雷达体扫资料的下击暴流预警方法研究. 自然灾害学报,28(2):118-126 Sun J,Xiao Y J,Leng L. 2019. Damaging downbursts warning algorithm using the Doppler weather radar scanning data. J Nat Disasters,28(2):118-126 (in Chinese)
[12]	孙凌峰,郭学良,孙立潭等. 2003. 武汉“6·22”空难下击暴流的三维数值模拟研究. 大气科学,27(6):1077-1092 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2003.06.11 Sun L F,Guo X L,Sun L T,et al. 2003. A numerical study of the airplane disaster-producing microburst on 22 June 2000 in Wuhan. Chinese J Atmos Sci,27(6):1077-1092 (in Chinese) doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2003.06.11
[13]	陶岚,戴建华. 2011. 下击暴流自动识别算法研究. 高原气象,30(3):784-797 Tao L,Dai J H. 2011. Research on automatic detection algorithm of downburst. Plateau Meteor,30(3):784-797 (in Chinese)
[14]	王楠,刘黎平,仲凌志. 2009. 一次下击暴流天气的多普勒雷达资料分析. 南京信息工程大学学报(自然科学版),1(3):273-278 Wang N,Liu L P,Zhong L Z. 2009. Analysis of a downburst using Doppler radar data. J Nanjing Univ Informat Sci Technol (Nat Sci Ed),1(3):273-278 (in Chinese)
[15]	王兴,闵锦忠,张露萱等. 2019. 雷达数据外推与特征识别的下击暴流预警方法. 气象科学,39(3):377-385 doi: 10.3969/2018jms.0058 Wang X,Min J Z,Zhang L X,et al. 2019. Method of downburst warning based on radar data extrapolation and feature recognition. Scientia Meteor Sinica,39(3):377-385 (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/2018jms.0058
[16]	王秀明,俞小鼎,周小刚等. 2012. “6.3”区域致灾雷暴大风形成及维持原因分析. 高原气象,31(2):504-514 Wang X M,Yu X D,Zhou X G,et al. 2012. Study on the formation and evolution of "6.3" damage wind. Plateau Meteor,31(2):504-514 (in Chinese)
[17]	王秀明,周小刚,俞小鼎. 2013. 雷暴大风环境特征及其对风暴结构影响的对比研究. 气象学报,71(5):839-852 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2013.073 Wang X M,Zhou X G,Yu X D. 2013. Comparative study of environmental characteristics of a windstorm and their impacts on storm structures. Acta Meteor Sinica,71(5):839-852 (in Chinese) doi: 10.11676/qxxb2013.073
[18]	王易,郑媛媛,孙康远等. 2018. 南京雷达中气旋产品特征值统计分析. 气象学报,76(2):266-278 doi: 10.11676/qxxb2017.087 Wang Y,Zheng Y Y,Sun K Y,et al. 2018. A statistical analysis of characteristics of mesocyclone products from Nanjing radar. Acta Meteor Sinica,76(2):266-278 (in Chinese) doi: 10.11676/qxxb2017.087
[19]	王易,徐芬,吴海英. 2019. 一次致雹超级单体结构特征分析. 大气科学学报,42(4):612-620 Wang Y,Xu F,Wu H Y. 2019. Structure characteristics analysis of a supercell hailstorm. Trans Atmos Sci,42(4):612-620 (in Chinese)
[20]	吴芳芳,王慧,韦莹莹等. 2009. 一次强雷暴阵风锋和下击暴流的多普勒雷达特征. 气象,35(1):55-64 doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2009.01.007 Wu F F,Wang H,Wei Y Y,et al. 2009. Analysis of a strong gust front and downburst with Doppler weather radar data. Meteor Mon,35(1):55-64 (in Chinese) doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2009.01.007
[21]	吴举秀,周青,杨传凤等. 2017. 2015年7月14日阵风锋及锋后大风多普勒天气雷达产品特征分析. 高原气象,36(4):1082-1090 Wu J X,Zhou Q,Yang C F,et al. 2017. Analysis on the weather radar products characteristics of the gust front and the wind after the gust front on July 14,2015. Plateau Meteor,36(4):1082-1090 (in Chinese)
[22]	肖艳姣. 2018. 基于多普勒天气雷达体扫资料的MARC特征自动识别算法. 高原气象,37(1):264-274 doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00143 Xiao Y J. 2018. An algorithm of recognizing automatically MARC signature using the Doppler weather radar volume scanning data. Plateau Meteor,37(1):264-274 (in Chinese) doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00143
[23]	肖艳姣,王珏,王志斌等. 2021. 基于S波段新一代天气雷达观测的下击暴流临近预报方法. 气象,47(8):919-931 doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2021.08.002 Xiao Y J,Wang J,Wang Z B,et al. 2021. A downburst nowcasting method based on observations of S-band new generation weather radar. Meteor Mon,47(8):919-931 (in Chinese) doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2021.08.002
[24]	俞小鼎,张爱民,郑媛媛等. 2006. 一次系列下击暴流事件的多普勒天气雷达分析. 应用气象学报,17(4):385-393 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2006.04.001 Yu X D,Zhang A M,Zheng Y Y,et al. 2006. Doppler radar analysis on a series of downburst events. J Appl Meteor Sci,17(4):385-393 (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2006.04.001
[25]	张钢,潘运红,柳畅. 2011. 下击暴流区域特征提取和识别算法. 计算机工程与应用,47(28):185-187, 240 doi: 10.3778/j.issn.1002-8331.2011.28.051 Zhang G,Pan Y H,Liu C. 2011. Microburst region feature extraction and recognition algorithm. Comput Eng Appl,47(28):185-187, 240 (in Chinese) doi: 10.3778/j.issn.1002-8331.2011.28.051
[26]	郑永光,田付友,孟智勇等. 2016. “东方之星”客轮翻沉事件周边区域风灾现场调查与多尺度特征分析. 气象,42(1):1-13 doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2016.01.001 Zheng Y G,Tian F Y,Meng Z Y,et al. 2016. Survey and multi-scale characteristics of wind damage caused by convective storms in the surrounding area of the capsizing accident of cruise ship "Dongfangzhixing". Meteor Mon,42(1):1-13 (in Chinese) doi: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2016.01.001
[27]	郑媛媛,俞小鼎,方翀等. 2004. 一次典型超级单体风暴的多普勒天气雷达观测分析. 气象学报,62(3):317-328 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0577-6619.2004.03.006 Zheng Y Y,Yu X D,Fang C,et al. 2004. Analysis of a strong classic supercell storm with Doppler weather radar data. Acta Meteor Sinica,62(3):317-328 (in Chinese) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0577-6619.2004.03.006
[28]	周后福,刁秀广,赵倩等. 2017. 一次连续下击暴流天气的成因分析. 干旱气象,35(4):641-648 Zhou H F,Diao X G,Zhao Q,et al. 2017. Cause analysis of a continuous downburst weather. J Arid Meteor,35(4):641-648 (in Chinese)
[29]	周康辉,郑永光,王婷波等. 2017. 基于模糊逻辑的雷暴大风和非雷暴大风区分方法. 气象,43(7):781-791 doi: 10.7519/j.issn.10000526.2017.07.002 Zhou K H,Zheng Y G,Wang T B,et al. 2017. Fuzzy logic algorithm of thunderstorm gale identification using multisource data. Meteor Mon,43(7):781-791 (in Chinese) doi: 10.7519/j.issn.10000526.2017.07.002
[30]	周一民,张文滨,朱佩君. 2018. 我国江淮和黄淮地区强对流过程的基本特征. 浙江大学学报(理学版),45(2):205-218 doi: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2018.02.011 Zhou Y M,Zhang W B,Zhu P J. 2018. General characteristics of the convection weather processes over Jianghuai and Huanghuai region. J Zhejiang Univ (Sci Ed),45(2):205-218 (in Chinese) doi: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2018.02.011
[31]	Fujita T T,Byers H R. 1977. Spearhead echo and downburst in the crash of an airliner. Mon Wea Rev,105(2):129-146 doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0129:SEADIT>2.0.CO;2
[32]	Fujita T T. 1985. The downburst, microburst and macroburst. SMRP Research Paper 210, Chicago: University of Chicago, 1-122
[33]	Johns R H,Doswell Ⅲ C A. 1992. Severe local storms forecasting. Wea Forecast,7(4):588-612 doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(1992)007<0588:SLSF>2.0.CO;2
[34]	Kuster C M,Heinselman P L,Schuur T J. 2016. Rapid-update radar observations of downbursts occurring within an intense multicell thunderstorm on 14 June 2011. Wea Forecast,31(3):827-851 doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-15-0081.1
[35]	Mahale V N,Zhang G F,Xue M. 2016. Characterization of the 14 June 2011 Norman,Oklahoma,downburst through dual-polarization radar observations and hydrometeor classification. J Appl Meteor Climatol,55(12):2635-2655 doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0062.1
[36]	Potvin C K,Shapiro A,Xue M. 2012. Impact of a vertical vorticity constraint in variational dual-Doppler wind analysis:Tests with real and simulated supercell data. J Atmos Oceanic Technol,29(1):32-49 doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00019.1
[37]	Proctor H F. 1988. Numerical simulations of an isolated microburst. Part Ⅰ:Dynamics and structure. J Atmos Sci,45(21):3137-3160 doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<3137:NSOAIM>2.0.CO;2
[38]	Proctor H F. 1989. Numerical simulations of an isolated microburst. Part Ⅱ:Sensitivity experiments. J Atmos Sci,46(14):2143-2165 doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<2143:NSOAIM>2.0.CO;2
[39]	Przybylinski R W. 1995. The bow echo:Observations,numerical simulations,and severe weather detection methods. Wea Forecast,10(2):203-218 doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(1995)010<0203:TBEONS>2.0.CO;2
[40]	Roberts R D,Wilson J W. 1989. A proposed microburst nowcasting procedure using single-Doppler radar. J Appl Meteor,28(4):285-303 doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1989)028<0285:APMNPU>2.0.CO;2
[41]	Smith T M,Elmore K L,Dulin S A. 2004. A damaging downburst prediction and detection algorithm for the WSR-88D. Wea Forecast,19(2):240-250 doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0240:ADDPAD>2.0.CO;2
[42]	Srivastava R C. 1985. A simple model of evaporatively driven downdraft:Application to microburst downdraft. J Atmos Sci,42(10):1004-1023 doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1004:ASMOED>2.0.CO;2
[43]	Wakimoto R M. 1985. Forecasting dry microburst activity over the high plains. Mon Wea Rev,113(7):1131-1143 doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1131:FDMAOT>2.0.CO;2