淮北地区不同类型暴雨雨滴谱特征及其<i>Z</i>-<i>R</i>关系研究

张庆池; 刘端阳; 武艳; 吕翔; 朱丽; 刘子贺

doi:10.11676/qxxb2022.025

淮北地区不同类型暴雨雨滴谱特征及其Z-R关系研究

doi: 10.11676/qxxb2022.025

张庆池^{1, 2,},
刘端阳^{2, 3, ,},
武艳¹,
吕翔¹,
朱丽⁴,
刘子贺^{1, 2}

1.
江苏省徐州市气象局，徐州，221000
2.
中国气象局交通气象重点开放实验室，南京，210009
3.
南京气象科技创新研究院，南京，210009
4.
江苏省泰州市气象局，泰州，225500

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42075063）、江苏省气象局重点项目（KZ202107）、徐州市气象局面上项目（202012）

详细信息

作者简介:
张庆池，主要从事气象预报工作和大气物理研究。 E-mail：zhangqc0910@163.com

通讯作者:
刘端阳，主要从事大气物理与大气环境研究。 E-mail：liuduanyang2001@126.com

中图分类号: P401 P426.61⁺1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-02-18
- 录用日期: 2022-11-07
- 修回日期: 2022-06-26
- 网络出版日期: 2022-06-30

Raindrop spectral characteristics and Z-R relationship of different rainstorm types in Huaibei region

ZHANG Qingchi^{1, 2
,},
LIU Duanyang^{2, 3
, ,},
WU Yan¹,
LÜ Xiang¹,
ZHU Li⁴,
LIU Zihe^{1, 2}

1.
Xuzhou Meteorological Bureau of Jiangsu Province，Xuzhou 221000，China
2.
Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology，CMA，Nanjing 210009，China
3.
Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences，Nanjing 210009，China
4.
Taizhou Meteorological Bureau of Jiangsu Province，Taizhou 225500，China

摘要

摘要: 选取2017—2020年淮北地区夏季雨滴谱观测资料对低槽型、副热带高压边缘型、冷涡影响型和台风型4种类型暴雨的雨滴谱进行分析。研究表明淮北地区降水主要以层状云为主，而对总降水贡献率大的却是对流云降水。不同类型暴雨微物理量同样存在差异，低槽型、台风型暴雨的粒子数浓度较大，副热带高压边缘型和冷涡影响型各种特征直径比其他两类大。分析不同尺度雨滴粒子与雨强的关系，小雨滴数浓度占比超过60%，但对雨强起主要贡献的是中粒子，不同类型暴雨的差异主要是由小雨滴和大雨滴对雨强贡献率的差异造成的；并且随着雨强的增大，小雨滴的贡献率逐渐降低，大雨滴增大。不同雨强档下的雨滴谱分布基本呈单峰型，随着雨强增大各尺度档粒子数浓度升高，谱宽增大，斜率逐渐减小；当雨强增大时质量平均直径（D_m）-标准化参数（lgN_W）分布趋于集中，D_m和lgN_W的平均值分别为1.15 mm和3.79 mm⁻¹m⁻³；通过Γ分布拟合发现，低槽型和台风型暴雨谱分布参数的平均值和标准差大于另外两类；除标准化参数的偏度为负值外，其余各参数的偏度均为正值；不同类型暴雨谱型-斜率（µ-Λ）及反射率因子-雨强（Z-R）略有差异。研究得出的淮北地区暴雨Z-R关系为Z=164.4R^1.42，相比之下，目前雷达系统采用的标准关系式低估了淮北地区暴雨降水量，尤其在评估低槽型和台风型暴雨时误差较大。
- 雨滴谱 /
- Γ分布 /
- µ-Λ关系 /
- Z-R关系
Abstract: Based on observations of summer raindrop spectra in Huaibei region from 2017 to 2020, the raindrop spectrum distributions of four rainstorm types, i.e., the trough type, the subtropical high edge type, the cold vortex type and the typhoon type, are analyzed. Results show that the occurrence frequency of precipitation in Huaibei area is dominated by stratiform precipitation, while convective precipitation is the main contributor to total precipitation. The microphysical parameters of different types of rainstorms are also different. The number concentration of low trough type and typhoon type is larger than that of other types, and the characteristic diameters of subtropical high edge type and cold vortex type are larger than those of the other two types. The relationship between raindrop particles and rain intensity at different scales is analyzed. It is found that small raindrops account for more than 60% of the number concentration, yet medium raindrops make a major contribution to rain intensity. The differences between different types of rainstorm are mainly caused by differences in the contribution rates of small raindrops and heavy raindrops to rainfall intensity. And with the increase of precipitation intensity, the contribution rate of small raindrops decreases, while that of large raindrops increases. The distribution of raindrop spectrum under different rain intensity classes is basically unimodal. With the increase of rain intensity, the number concentrations of various particles increase, the spectral width increases and the slope decreases. When the rain intensity increases, the mass-weighted mean diameter (D_m)-normalized intercept parameter (lgN_W) distribution tends to be concentrated, and the mean values of D_m and lgN_W are 1.15 mm and 3.79 mm⁻¹m⁻³, respectively. Through Gamma distribution fitting, it is found that the mean values and standard deviations of spectral distribution parameters of low trough type and typhoon type are greater than those of the other two types. The skewness of all parameters is positive except that of the parameters (lgN_W), which is negative. The shape parameter-slope parameter (µ-Λ) and radar reflectivity factor-radar reflectivity factor (Z-R) are slightly different between different types of rainstorm. In this paper, total precipitation in Huaibei area is calculated by Z=164.4R^1.42. In contrast, the standard relationship adopted by radar system at present underestimates rainstorm precipitation in Huaibei area, especially for low trough type rainstorms and typhoon type rainstorms.
- Raindrop size distribution /
- Gamma distribution /
- Relationship of µ-Λ /
- Relationship of Z-R

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图 1 徐州地区4种不同类型暴雨500 hPa环流形势（a. 低槽型，b. 副热带高压边缘型，c. 冷涡影响型，d. 台风型）

Figure 1. 500 hPa circulation patterns for the four different types of rainstorm in Xuzhou （a. Type 1，b. Type 2，c. Type 3，d. Type 4）

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图 2 不同大小雨强的降水频率分布（灰色）及其对总降水的贡献率（黑色）

Figure 2. Relationship between precipitation frequency （gray column），contribution to the total precipitation （black column） and rainfall intensity

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图 3 观测得到的雨滴尺度-速度谱分布（色阶代表对数尺度的雨滴数，红色*代表实测平均加权速度，蓝色实线表示Atlas等（1973）雨滴末速度拟合曲线，黑色实线是下落速度的拟合曲线）和各尺度档的箱线图（a. 低槽型，b. 副热带高压边缘型，c. 冷涡影响型，d. 台风型）

Figure 3. Occurrence of velocity-diameter combinations （color shading represents drop counts on a log scale，red star represents measured average weighted velocity，solid black line shows the fitting curve of falling velocity，and the blue line indicates the Atlas，et al （1973） terminal drop velocity） and the box plot of each raindrop size classes （a. Type 1，b. Type 2，c. Type 3，d. Type 4）

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图 4 不同类型暴雨（a. 低槽型，b. 副热带高压边缘型，c. 冷涡影响型，d. 台风型）雨滴谱时间序列（色阶为数浓度N（D_i），单位：mm⁻¹m⁻³；黑色点线为质量平均直径，红色实线代表雨强）

Figure 4. Time series of DSDs for （a. Type 1，b. Type 2，c. Type 3，d. Type 4） different types of rainstorm （the shadings represent DSD，unit：mm⁻¹m⁻³；the black dotted line is the mass-weighted mean diameter，and the red solid line is the rainfall rate）

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图 5 各档雨滴对总数浓度N_T （灰色）、总雨强R （蓝色）和总回波强度Z （红色）的贡献率（a. 低槽型，b. 副热带高压边缘型，c. 冷涡影响型，d. 台风型）

Figure 5. Relative contributions of individual size classes to total drop concentration N_T （grey），rain rate R （blue） and Z （red） for the whole data set （a. Type 1，b. Type 2，c. Type 3，d. Type 4）

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图 6 不同雨强下（R，单位：mm/h）不同尺度粒子对降水率的贡献（a. 低槽型，b. 副热带高压边缘型，c. 冷涡影响型，d. 台风型）

Figure 6. Contributions of particles of different scales to precipitation rate under different rainfall intensities （R，unit：mm/h）（a. Type 1，b. Type 2，c. Type 3，d. Type 4）

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图 7 不同类型暴雨平均雨滴谱分布及Γ函数拟合谱

Figure 7. Mean raindrop spectra and Γ fitting spectra for different types of rainstorm

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图 8 不同类型暴雨各参数箱线图、平均数（Mean）、标准差（SD）和偏度（SK）（a. μ，b. Λ，c. lgN₀， d. D_m，e. lgN_W）

Figure 8. Box plot，mean，standard deviation （SD） and skewness （SK） of parameters for different rainstorm types （a. μ，b. Λ，c. lgN₀， d. D_m，e. lgN_W）

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图 9 不同类型暴雨不同雨强下（R，单位：mm/h）的雨滴谱分布（a. 低槽型，b. 副热带高压边缘型，c. 冷涡影响型，d. 台风型）

Figure 9. Drop size distributions under different rainfall rates （R，unit：mm/h） for different rainstorm types （a. Type 1，b. Type 2，c. Type 3，d. Type 4）

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图 10 不同类型暴雨的（a₁—d₁）雨滴数浓度（N_T）与体积中值直径（D₀）、（a₂—d₂）雨滴数浓度（lgN_T）和质量平均直径（D_m）、（a₃—d₃）标准化参数（lgN_W）和质量平均直径（D_m）（黑色实线与虚线方框分别代表海洋性和大陆性对流区域）、（a₄—d₄）标准化参数（lgN_W）和雨滴数浓度（lgN_T）（ c 为两者相关系数）散点（a. 低槽型，b. 副热带高压边缘型，c. 冷涡影响型，d. 台风型）

Figure 10. Scatter plots of （a₁—d₁）raindrop concentration （N_T） and the volume median diameter （D₀），（a₂—d₂） raindrop concentration （lgN_T） and mass-weighted mean diameter （D_m），（a₃—d₃） normalized intercept parameter （lgN_W） and mass-weighted mean diameter （D_m）（the solid and dotted black lines represent the maritime and continental convective regions，respectively），（a₄—d₄） normalized intercept parameter （lgN_W） and raindrops concentration （lgN_T）（"c" represents correlation coefficient between them） for different types of rainstorm （a. Type 1，b. Type 2，c. Type 3，d. Type 4）

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图 11 不同类型暴雨（a. 低槽型，b. 副热带高压边缘型，c. 冷涡影响型，d. 台风型）各参数与雨强的关系（a₁—d₁. D_m与R，a₂—d₂. lgN_T与R， a₃—d₃. lgN_W与R （红色实线为使用最小二乘法的拟合曲线，蓝色实线为R≥60 mm/h时拟合曲线，并提供了拟合关系和相关系数），a₄—d₄. Γ分布参数（lgN₀（单位：mm^−1−µ·m⁻³）、 μ（无量纲）、Λ（单位：mm⁻¹）与R）

Figure 11. Relationships between various parameters and rainfall rate of different types of rainstorm （a. Type 1，b. Type 2，c. Type 3，d. Type 4； a₁—d₁，a₂—d₂，a₃—d₃ correspond to relationships of D_m，lgN_T，lgN_W with R （the red solid line is the fitting curve using the least square method，and the blue solid line is the fitting curve when the rain rate is more than 60 mm/h，and the fitting relationship and correlation coefficient are provided）； a₄—d₄ show relationships between parameters of Γ-distribution （lgN₀（unit：mm^−1−µ·m⁻³），μ（dimensionless），Λ（unit：mm⁻¹） and R）

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图 12 不同类型暴雨（a. 低槽型，b. 副热带高压边缘型，c. 冷涡影响型，d. 台风型）和总样本（e）的 μ-Λ关系（蓝色圆圈为过滤后数据，灰色叉号为未过滤的数据，红色实线是过滤后数据的拟合曲线，黑色实线为Zhang等（2003）和Chen等（2013）经验μ-Λ关系，虚线对应D_m=（4+μ）/Λ中D_m=0.5、1、2、3 mm）

Figure 12. Relationship of μ-Λ of different types of rainstorm （a. Type 1，b. Type 2，c. Type 3，d. Type 4） and total sample （e）（blue circles represent the data after filtering while gray crosses represent the data without filtering；the red and black solid lines represent the fitting of data after filtering and the empirical μ-Λ relationship from Zhang，et al （2003） and Chen，et al （2013）；the dashed lines correspond to the relationship D_m=（4+μ）/Λ given the value of D_m=0.5，1，2，3 mm）

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Continued

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图 13 不同类型暴雨（a. 低槽型，b. 副热带高压边缘型，c. 冷涡影响型，d. 台风型）和总样本（e）的Z-R散点分布（蓝色圆圈为过滤后数据，灰色叉号为未过滤数据，紫色点线为未过滤数据拟合曲线，红色实线为过滤后数据拟合曲线，黑色实线为Fulton等（1998）经验Z-R关系）

Figure 13. Scatter plots of Z-R of different types of rainstorm （a. Type 1，b. Type 2，c. Type 3，d. Type 4） and total sample （e）（blue circles represent the data after filtering while the gray crosses represent the data without filtering，the red solid line is the fitting curve of filtered data，the purple dotted line is the fitting curve of unfiltered data，and the black solid line represents the empirical relationship from Fulton，et al （1998））

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Continued

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表 1 雨滴谱微物理特征量的含义和计算公式

Table 1. Definition and calculation formula of microphysical characteristics of raindrop spectrum

特征量	符号	单位	定义	公式
数浓度	N_T	m⁻³	单位空间的雨滴总量	$\displaystyle\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_{\max } } } {N(D)} \text{d}D$
雨强	R	mm/h	单位时间的降水量	$\dfrac{ {6{\text π} } }{ { { {10}^4} } }\displaystyle\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_{\max } } } { {D^3}N(D)} V(D)\text{d}D$
雨水含量	W	g/m³	单位空间雨滴总质量	$\dfrac{ { {\text π}{\rho_{ {}_{{\text{w} } } } } } }{ {6000} }\displaystyle\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_{\max } } } { {D^3}N(D)} \text{d}D$
反射率因子	Z	mm⁶m⁻³	降水回波强度	$\displaystyle\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_{\max } } } { {D^6}N(D)} \text{d}D$
算术平均直径	D_a	mm	全部雨滴的直径总和除以雨滴的总数	${ {\displaystyle\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_{\max } } } {DN(D)} \text{d}D} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom { {\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_{\max } } } {DN(D)} \text{d}D} {\displaystyle\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_{\max } } } {N(D)} \text{d}D} } } \right. } {\displaystyle\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_{\max } } } {N(D)} \text{d}D} }$
质量平均直径	D_m	mm	单位体积内所有粒子直径加权质量相对于粒子总质量的平均直径	${\displaystyle\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_{\max } } } { {D^4}N(D)} \text{d}D} \Bigg/ {\displaystyle\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_{\max } } } { {D^3}N(D)} \text{d}D}$
体积中值直径	D₀	mm	含水量的一半是由半径大于此值的大雨滴所组成的	${\displaystyle\int_{ {D_{\min } } }^{ {D_0} } { {D^3}N(D)} \text{d}D} \Bigg/ {\displaystyle\int_{ {D_0} }^{ {D_{\max } } } { {D^3}N(D)} \text{d}D}$
峰值直径	D_p	mm	最大频率直径	$ N(D) $最大值所对应的直径
粒子谱宽	D_w	mm	粒子最大直径和最小直径差	$ {D_{\max }} - {D_{\min }} $

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表 2 2017—2020年徐州23次区域性暴雨天气过程简况

Table 2. Synopsis of 23 regional rainstorms in Xuzhou from 2017 to 2020

日期	暴雨站	暴雨天气类型
2017年7月5—7日	丰县、沛县、徐州、邳州、新沂、睢宁	低槽型
2017年7月13—15日	丰县、沛县、徐州、邳州、新沂	低槽型
2017年7月30日—8月3日	徐州、邳州、新沂、睢宁	台风型
2017年8月18—20日	新沂、睢宁	低槽型
2018年7月8日	徐州、邳州、睢宁	低槽型
2018年7月26—28日	睢宁	副热带高压边缘型
2018年7月28—31日	丰县、沛县、徐州	副热带高压边缘型
2018年8月13—15日	丰县、沛县、徐州、邳州、新沂、睢宁	台风型
2018年8月17—19日	丰县、沛县、徐州、邳州、新沂、睢宁	台风型
2019年6月6—7日	新沂、睢宁	冷涡影响型
2019年6月28—29日	新沂	冷涡影响型
2019年7月6日	睢宁	冷涡影响型
2019年7月23—25日	徐州	副热带高压边缘型
2019年7月27—28日	丰县、徐州、睢宁	副热带高压边缘型
2019年8月1—2日	丰县、沛县	副热带高压边缘型
2019年8月10—11日	丰县、沛县、徐州、邳州、新沂、睢宁	台风型
2020年6月11—13日	徐州、邳州、新沂、睢宁	低槽型
2020年6月15—18日	徐州、邳州、新沂、睢宁	低槽型
2020年6月28—30日	新沂、睢宁	低槽型
2020年7月11—13日	丰县、沛县、徐州、邳州、新沂、睢宁	低槽型
2020年7月31日—8月1日	睢宁	副热带高压边缘型
2020年8月6—7日	丰县、沛县、徐州	副热带高压边缘型
2020年8月19—21日	新沂	副热带高压边缘型

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表 3 不同类型暴雨雨滴谱微物理特征量的平均值

Table 3. Mean values of microphysical characteristics of raindrop spectra for different rainstorm types

暴雨类型	N_T（m⁻³）	R（mm/h）	W（g/m³）	特征直径（mm）
暴雨类型	N_T（m⁻³）	R（mm/h）	W（g/m³）	D_a	D_m	D₀	D_p	D_w
低槽型	558.18	4.24	0.25	0.794	1.116	1.100	0.652	1.528
副热带高压边缘型	359.19	5.22	0.28	0.900	1.328	1.310	0.718	1.810
冷涡影响型	419.56	5.81	0.33	0.894	1.313	1.284	0.708	1.894
台风型	481.49	4.27	0.24	0.817	1.116	1.100	0.690	1.492
综合	492.20	4.43	0.26	0.822	1.153	1.137	0.679	1.564

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