Abstract: This study explores the effects of short-term exposure to PM₁₀ on related biomarkers of diabetes. Based on the platform of "Jinchang Cohort", a total of 420 patients with type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes and normal blood glucose are randomly selected. The nearest neighbor model is used to estimate individual exposure levels. IL-6, VCAM-1, 8-iso-PGF2α and INS are detected by ELISA. A multiple linear regression model is conducted to evaluate the effects of PM₁₀ on the biomarkers. For every 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ concentration, it is found that IL-6 increases by 0.45% (95%CI: 0.19%—0.88%) at lag 6 d, and PM₁₀ is most significantly associated with VCAM-1 at lag 0 d (increase: 1.16%, 95%CI: (0.43%—2.28%)) in the prediabetic group. PM₁₀ is most significantly associated with IL-6 (increase: 1.52%, (95%CI: 0.51%—2.53%)) at lag 6 d, while 8-iso-PGF2α increases by 2.01% (95%CI: 0.29%—3.73%) at lag 3 d, and the relationship between PM₁₀ and HOMA-β is most significant at lag 0—7 d (decrease: 4.63%, (95%CI: −8.00%—−1.13%)) for type 2 diabetes patients. Short-term exposure to PM₁₀ can lead to inflammation, oxidative damage and islet β cell dysfunction.