石家庄市采暖期与非采暖期PM<sub>2.5</sub>中多环芳烃的来源解析及健康风险评价

唐大镜; 孙成瑶; 陈凤格; 赵川; 关茗洋

doi:10.11676/qxxb2022.038

石家庄市采暖期与非采暖期PM_2.5中多环芳烃的来源解析及健康风险评价

doi: 10.11676/qxxb2022.038

唐大镜^{1, 2,},
孙成瑶^{1, 2},
陈凤格^{1, 3},
赵川^{2, 4},
关茗洋^{1, 3, ,}

1.
石家庄市疾病预防控制中心，石家庄，050011
2.
华北理工大学公共卫生学院，唐山，063210
3.
中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康研究基地（石家庄），石家庄，050011
4.
石家庄市第四医院，石家庄，050011

详细信息

作者简介:
唐大镜，主要从事空气污染与人群健康关系研究。E-mail：1097272631@qq.com

通讯作者:
关茗洋，主要从事环境卫生监测与评价研究。E-mail：gmyguan@qq.com

中图分类号: P49 X513
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-29
- 修回日期: 2022-03-25
- 网络出版日期: 2022-04-12

Sources and health risk assessment of PM_2.5-bound PAHs during heating and non-heating periods in Shijiazhuang city

TANG Dajing^{1, 2
,},
SUN Chengyao^{1, 2},
CHEN Fengge^{1, 3},
ZHAO Chuan^{2, 4},
GUAN Mingyang^{1, 3
, ,}

1.
Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention，Shijiazhuang 050011，China
2.
School of Public Health，North China University of Science and Technology，Tangshan 063210，China
3.
Research Base for Environment and Health in Shijiazhuang，Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention，Shijiazhuang 050011，China
4.
The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang，Shijiazhuang 050011，China

摘要

摘要: 为研究石家庄市采暖期与非采暖期大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中多环芳烃（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons，PAHs）的污染特征及其人群健康效应，采集了石家庄市2017年1月—2019年12月每月10—16日PM_2.5样品，使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定PM_2.5中优先控制的16种多环芳烃的浓度，分析采暖期与非采暖期PM_2.5中多环芳烃的污染水平及组成特征，利用特征比值法和主成分分析法对其来源进行定性判断，并采用健康风险评估模型以及预期寿命损失评估多环芳烃对人群的健康风险。结果表明：①PM_2.5及其中多环芳烃浓度平均水平在采暖期分别为106.00 μg/m³、44.17 ng/m³，非采暖期分别为73.00 μg/m³、40.17 ng/m³。16种多环芳烃中含量最高的是苯并[a]芘，其次为苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、䓛。多环芳烃单体环数越高其致癌作用越强，不同环数多环芳烃单体的占比在采暖期与非采暖期有所不同；采暖期为4环>5环>2—3环>6环，非采暖期呈5环>4环>6环>2—3环的趋势。②特征比值法和主成分分析法结果显示，采暖期多环芳烃的主要来源为煤炭燃烧，非采暖期的主要来源为机动车尾气排放。③健康风险分析表明，采样期间终身致癌超额危险度和预期寿命损失均呈非采暖期>采暖期，成人>青少年>儿童。不同年龄组人群中终身致癌超额危险度值均为10⁻⁶—10⁻⁴，表明石家庄市大气PM_2.5中多环芳烃具有潜在的致癌风险。在男性儿童、青少年、成人中的预期寿命损失分别为41.18、54.72、110.42 min，在女性儿童、青少年、成人中预期寿命损失分别为42.93 、57.53、101.05 min。研究显示，石家庄市PM_2.5中多环芳烃对所有人群均具有潜在致癌风险， PM_2.5中多环芳烃通过呼吸暴露对人群造成的预期寿命损失需引起重视。
- PM_2.5 /
- 多环芳烃 /
- 来源解析 /
- 健康风险 /
- 预期寿命损失
Abstract: To investigate the pollution characteristics and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during heating and non-heating periods in Shijiazhuang, PM_2.5 samples are collected during 10—16 of every month from 2017 to 2019 in Shijiazhuang. 16 priority PAHs associated with fine particulate matter are identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations and composition characteristics of the PAHs in heating and non-heating periods are analyzed. Diagnostic ratio analysis and principal component analysis are used to identify the emission sources of PM_2.5-bound PAHs, and an incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model and the loss of life (LL) expectancy are applied to evaluate the health risks. The results show that the mean concentrations of PM_2.5 and PAHs are 106.00 μg/m³ and 44.17 ng/m³ during the heating period, and 73.00 μg/m³ and 40.17 ng/m³ during non-heating period, respectively. The concentration of BaP is the highest, followed by that of BkF, BbF and Chry. PAHs of high ring numbers are more carcinogenic than those of low ring numbers, and the proportions of PAHs with different ring numbers in the heating period is different from that during the non-heating period, i.e., 4 rings >5 rings >2—3 rings >6 rings in the heating period, while in the non-heating period from high to low are 5, 4, 6, and 2—3 rings. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicate that coal combustion is the main source of PM_2.5 in the heating period, and traffic emission plays an important role in the non-heating period. ILCR and LL in the non-heating period are higher than that in the heating period. ILCR and LL rank from high to low for adults, teenagers and children. The ILCR range of PAHs in the entire population is 10⁻⁶—10⁻⁴, indicating that the level of carcinogenic risk is potential in Shijiazhuang. The losses of life expectancy for male children, teenagers, and adults are 41.18, 54.72, and 110.42 min, respectively. The losses of expectancy for female children, teenagers, and adults are 42.93, 57.53, and 101.05 min, respectively. This study has shown that PM_2.5-bound PAHs have a potential carcinogenic risk in all populations, and attention should be paid to the loss of life expectancy caused by respiratory exposure to PAHs in Shijiazhuang.
- PM_2.5 /
- PAHs /
- Source analysis /
- Health risk assessment /
- Loss of life expectancy

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图 1 石家庄市大气PM_2.5采样点位置

Figure 1. Location of sampling site for PM_2.5 in Shijiazhuang

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图 2 2017—2019年石家庄市采暖期与非采暖期大气PM_2.5中多环芳烃单体浓度及环数分布（a）、不同环数多环芳烃单体占比情况（b）

Figure 2. Monomer concentration and number distribution （a） and different number distribution （b） of PAHs in PM_2.5 in heating and non-heating period of 2017—2019

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表 1 采暖期与非采暖期大气PM_2.5 （μg/m³）及其中多环芳烃组分（ng/m³）浓度

Table 1. Mean PAHs concentrations （ng/m³） and PM_2.5 （μg/m³） during heating and non-heating periods

成分	采暖期 M（P₂₅，P₇₅）	非采暖期 M（P₂₅，P₇₅）	Z	P
PM_2.5	106.00 （75.00，180.75）	73.00 （52.00，99.75）	−6.863	<0.001
NaP	—	—	—	—
Acy	0.09 （0.09，0.66）	0.09 （0.09，0.09）	−8.847	<0.001
Ace	0.09 （0.09，0.90）	0.09 （0.09，0.09）	−8.076	<0.001
Fl	0.09 （0.09，1.51）	0.09 （0.09，0.09）	−5.518	<0.001
Phe	2.28 （0.09，6.72）	0.28 （0.09，2.29）	−7.582	<0.001
Ant	1.98 （1.20，7.30）	2.08 （1.74，3.48）	−1.629	0.103
Flu	4.18 （2.12，12.68）	2.22 （1.40，2.73）	−7.622	<0.001
Pyr	6.00 （2.07，19.68）	1.52 （1.31，3.16）	−8.085	<0.001
Chry	4.14 （2.11，8.72）	4.43 （3.06，5.00）	0.993	0.321
BaA	3.02 （1.42，12.50）	2.74 （1.55，3.36）	−2.616	0.009
BbF	4.38 （1.98，14.95）	4.85 （3.17，6.02）	0.286	0.775
BkF	3.78 （1.90，12.23）	4.90 （4.14，6.14）	2.386	0.017
BaP	3.90 （0.92，14.00）	5.70 （0.09，7.64）	−2.014	0.044
DahA	2.19 （1.03，4.01）	2.30 （0.09，4.76）	−0.240	0.810
InP	1.89 （1.12，3.73）	2.54 （1.75，6.41）	2.938	0.003
BghiP	2.06 （0.79，2.46）	4.36 （2.22，6.32）	7.550	<0.001
∑ PAHs	44.17 （20.88，124.58）	40.17 （29.84，53.28）	−2.472	0.013
注：—为未检出，Z为Mann-Whitney U检验的标准化检验统计量；P为统计学概率。

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表 2 2017—2019年石家庄市PM_2.5中多环芳烃的特征比值

Table 2. Characteristic ratios of PAHs in PM_2.5

组分	实际值		参考值（Mancilla，et al，2016；张艺璇等，2020）	来源
组分	采暖期	非采暖期	参考值（Mancilla，et al，2016；张艺璇等，2020）	来源
BaA/（BaA+Chry）			<0.20	石油挥发源
			0.20—0.35	燃烧源
	0.42	0.40	>0.35	机动车排放源
Flu/（Flu+Pyr）			<0.40	石油挥发源
		0.49	0.40—0.50	化石燃料燃烧源
	0.53		>0.50	煤和生物质燃烧的混合源
Ant/（Ant+Phe）			<0.10	石油挥发源
Ant/（Ant+Phe）	0.59	0.92	>0.10	燃烧源
InP/（InP+BghiP）			<0.20	石油挥发源
		0.43	0.20—0.50	石油燃烧源
	0.52		>0.50	煤和生物质燃烧的混合源

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表 3 2017— 2019年石家庄市采暖期与非采暖期PM_2.5中多环芳烃的主成分分析

Table 3. PCA loading factors for PAHs in PM_2.5 in heating and non-heating periods

成分	采暖期			非采暖期
成分	因子1	因子2	因子3	因子1	因子2	因子3	因子4
Acy		0.715	0.531	0.914
Ace		0.660	0.593
Fl
Phe	0.948
Ant	0.856						0.673
Flu	0.860
Pyr	0.830			0.948
Chry	0.905			0.955
BaA	0.931			0.946
BbF	0.934			0.900
BkF	0.863			0.902
BaP	0.882
DahA	0.913			0.817
InP	0.899				0.670	0.810
BghiP	0.850			0.854
特征值	10.14	2.15	1.25	8.33	1.62	1.26	1.03
解释方差（%）	67.58	14.32	8.31	55.52	10.78	8.41	6.87
累计方差（%）	67.58	81.90	90.21	55.52	66.30	74.71	81.58

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表 4 致癌风险评价暴露参数

Table 4. Exposure parameters for carcinogenic risk assessment

暴露参数	儿童		青少年		成人
暴露参数	男	女	男	女	男	女
IR（m³/h）	8.4	8.4	13.1	13.1	18.7	15.1
ET（h/d）	4	4	4	4	4	4
EF（d/a）	365	365	365	365	365	365
ED（a）	6	6	14	14	30	30
BW（kg）	17.2	16.5	47.1	44.8	71.4	63
AT（d）	365×70	365×70	365×70	365×70	365×70	365×70

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表 5 2017—2019年石家庄市人群终身致癌超额危险度（ILCR）和预期寿命损失（LL）

Table 5. Population lifetime carcinogenic excess risk and loss of life expectancy

分组		采暖期		非采暖期
分组		ILCR（10⁻⁶）	LL（min）	ILCR（10⁻⁶）	LL（min）
儿童	男	0.53 （0.19，1.53）	33.00 （12.10，95.11）	0.69 （0.24，0.89）	42.93 （14.65，55.43）
儿童	女	0.55 （0.20，1.59）	34.40 （12.61，99.14）	0.72 （0.25，0.93）	44.76 （15.28，57.79）
青少年	男	0.71 （0.26，2.03）	43.85 （16.07，126.38）	0.92 （0.31，1.19）	57.05 （19.47，73.66）
青少年	女	0.74 （0.27，2.14）	46.10 （16.90，132.87）	0.96 （0.33，1.25）	59.98 （20.47，77.45）
成人	男	1.42 （0.52，4.10）	88.49 （32.44，255.02）	1.85 （0.63，2.39）	115.13 （39.29，148.64）
成人	女	1.30 （0.48，3.75）	80.98 （29.68，233.38）	1.69 （0.58，2.19）	105.36 （35.96，136.03）

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