A case study on the radar characteristics and physical process involved in the genesis of a mini supercell tornado under the background of cold vortex
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摘要: 2019年8月16日渤海北部沿岸出现了一次冷涡背景下的EF1级龙卷。利用营口S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达探测资料、5 min间隔的地面自动气象站观测资料、盘锦风廓线雷达探测资料及ERA5再分析资料，研究了该龙卷风暴产生的环境条件、龙卷风暴结构特征及龙卷形成的可能物理过程。结果表明：此次龙卷过程发生在500 hPa冷涡主体控制下，低空位于“利奇马”台风残涡西侧水汽输送带内，环境条件表现为弱的风垂直切变和强低层热力不稳定。营口双偏振雷达位于距龙卷发生地15 km处，探测到产生龙卷的微型超级单体钩状回波、下沉反射率核心（DRC）、弱回波洞（WEH）、龙卷残片特征（TDS）等结构。处于消亡阶段雷暴的阵风锋出流向西传播，而营口附近海风锋缓慢东移，两条边界层辐合线相遇加强，在水平切变不稳定的作用下，辐合线上有γ中尺度涡旋形成。辐合线相遇造成的辐合抬升、低层强热力不稳定导致的环境正浮力以及中层中气旋扰动低压共同作用产生强上升气流，γ中尺度涡旋与上升气流叠置，强拉伸作用增强了垂直涡度，可能是低层微尺度气旋形成的关键机制。微尺度气旋直径收缩至最小伴随旋转速度达到最大时刻，对应龙卷生成，中层中气旋与微尺度气旋分离导致龙卷消亡。Abstract: An EF1 tornado occurred in the northern coast of the Bohai under the background of cold vortex on 16 August 2019. Using the Yingkou S-band dual-polarization Doppler weather radar data, surface automatic weather station (AWS) observations at 5 min interval, the Panjin wind profile radar data and ERA5 reanalysis data, the environmental background, the structure and formation of the tornadic storm and the tornadogenesis are studied. The results show that the tornado occurred under the background of a cold vortex at 500 hPa, and it was located in the water vapor conveyor belt on the west side of the residual vortex of typhoon "Lekima". The environmental condition is characterized by weak vertical wind shear and strong low-level thermal instability. The Yingkou dual-polarization radar is located 15 km away from where the tornado originated. The hook echo, the descending reflectivity core (DRC), the weak echo hole (WEH), and the tornadic debris signature (TDS) in mini supercell are detected by the radar. The outflow of the decaying thunderstorm gust front moved westward, while the sea breeze front near Yingkou slowly moved eastward. The two boundary layer convergence lines merged, leading to the forming of γ-mesoscale vortex under the influence of horizontal shear instability. The intersection of outflow boundaries, the large positive ambient buoyancy and the vertical perturbation pressure gradient associated with the low pressure induced by the middle level mesocyclone jointly produced strong updrafts. The collocation of the updrafts and the γ-mesoscale vortex played a critical role for the genesis of misocyclone by strong stretching. The combination of the maximum rotation velocity and the minimum diameter of the misocyclone corresponded to the tornadogenesis, and the separation of the misocyclone and the mesocyclone in the middle level led to the dissipation of the tornado.
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Key words:
- Tornado /
- Dual polarization radar /
- Misocyclone /
- Boundary layer convergence lines /
- Tornadogenesis
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图 1 （a） 龙卷发生位置及周边观测站网分布，（b） 龙卷路径 （图a中蓝色三角代表龙卷发生位置，红色棱形代表营口雷达位置，红色方形代表盘锦风廓线雷达位置，黄色圆圈代表地面自动气象站；图b基于现场灾情调查得出，图b1为龙卷母云，b2为龙卷本体，b3和b4为受灾示例）
Figure 1. （a） Location of the tornado and the distribution of surrounding observation station network，（b） the path of the tornado （the blue triangle in a represents the location of the tornado，the red diamond represents the location of Yingkou radar，the red square represents the location of Panjin wind profile radar，and the yellow circle represents the AWS；b is based on in situ disaster survey，and the illustration b1 is tornadic parent storm，b2 is the Yingkou tornado，b3 and b4 are disaster examples）
图 2 2019年8月16日14时天气形势 （a、b及c基于ERA5再分析资料绘制，D为环流中心；a中紫等值线为500 hPa位势高度 （单位：dagpm），红虚线为500 hPa等温线 （单位：℃），风羽为500 hPa风场，色阶为500 hPa相对湿度；b为沿a中黑虚线所作剖面，色阶为相对湿度 ，等值线为垂直速度ω （单位：Pa/s），风场为沿剖面经向风与−10 ω的合成风 （矢量，单位：m/s），三角代表龙卷发生地；c中白等值线为850 hPa位势高度，风羽为850 hPa风场，色阶为大气整层可降水量；d为14时FY-4A水汽图像，色阶为亮温，白箭头代表干侵入）
Figure 2. Synoptic situation at 14：00 BT 16 August 2019 （a，b and c are based on the ERA5 reanalysis data，D represents the center of circulation； a. geopotential height （purple contour，unit：dagpm），isotherm （red dashed line，unit：℃），wind field and relative humidity （shaded ） at 500 hPa； b. cross section along the black dashed line in a，the shaded are for relative humidity，contours show the vertical velocity （ω，unit：Pa/s），the wind field is meridional wind along the section synthetic with −10 ω （vector，unit：m/s），and the triangle represents location of the tornado； c. 850 hPa geopotential height （white contour，unit：dagpm），850 hPa wind field and PWV （shaded）； d. water vapor image of FY-4A at 14：00 BT，the shaded are brightness temperature，the white arrow indicates dry invasion）
图 3 2019年8月16日 （a） 14时营口T-lgp图，（b） 14—17时盘锦风廓线 （a基于ERA5再分析资料绘制，并根据14时营口地面观测做了修正，绿色（红色）实线代表环境（露点）温度 （单位：℃），左下角给出了对流有效位能和抬升凝结高度，右侧为各层水平风分布）
Figure 3. Yingkou T-lgp diagram at 14：00 BT （a），Panjin wind profile from 14：00 to 17：00 BT （b） 16 August 2019 （ a is based on ERA5 reanalysis data and modified with surface observations at Yingkou station at 14：00 BT；the green （red） solid line represent the ambient （dew poin） temperature （unit：℃）； CAPE and LCL are given in the bottom-left box；horizontal wind barbs are displayed at the right side of each panel）
图 4 FY-4A卫星可见光云图 （a. 10时30分，箭头指示水平对流卷的位置；b. 13时30分，椭圆圈指示风暴群位置；c. 14时30分，椭圆圈指示风暴群位置，箭头指示雷暴出流边界及海风锋位置；d. 15时40分，椭圆圈指示龙卷母云风暴位置）
Figure 4. Satellite visible images of FY-4A （the arrows indicate the HCRs at 10：30 BT in a； the circles indicate the storms at 13：30 BT in b； the circle indicate the storm，and the arrows indicate the outflow boundary and sea-breeze at 14：30 BT in c； the circle indicates parent storm of Yingkou tornado at 15：40 BT in d）
图 5 14时至15时40分地面自动气象站要素场 （风羽为地面阵风，单位：m/s；黑色数字为气温，单位：℃；蓝色数字为露点温度，单位：℃） 及营口雷达0.5°仰角反射率 （色阶，单位：dBz）（a. 14时，箭头指示雷暴出流边界及水平对流卷的位置，椭圆圈指示风暴群STB位置；b. 14时20分，箭头指示雷暴出流边界和海风锋的位置，椭圆圈指示风暴群STA和STB位置；c. 14时43分；d. 15时，箭头指示辐合线交汇处；e. 15时20分，箭头指示辐合线上的拐点位置，字母代表辐合线上风暴生成的位置；f. 15时40分）
Figure 5. Observations of wind （gust，unit：m/s），temperature （black text，unit：℃），and dewpoint （blue text，unit：℃） of surface weather stations； Reflectivity （shaded，unit：dBz） at the 0.5° elevation from CINRAD-YK are also displayed （the arrows indicate the outflow boundary and HCRs，and the circle indicates STB at 14：00 BT in a；the circles indicate STA and STB，and the arrows indicates the outflow boundary and sea-breeze at 14：20 BT in b； c shows the situation at 14：43 BT；the arrow indicates the boundaries intersection at 15：00 BT in d； the arrow indicates the inflection along the boundary，and the letters represent the storms along the boundary at 15：20 BT in e；f is for the situation at 15：40 BT）
图 6 15时36分营口雷达0.5°仰角反射率 （a）、径向速度 （b） 及沿a白色实线的反射率 （c）、径向速度 （d）、相关系数 （e）、差分反射率 （f） 的垂直剖面，15时42分营口雷达0.5°仰角基本反射率 （g）、相关系数 （h） （a、b中黑色圆圈代表微尺度气旋位置，a、g、h中白色方框代表下沉反射率因子核心位置，c中黑色虚线所围区域代表下沉反射率因子核位置，c—f中白色虚线所围区域代表ZDR柱位置，f中蓝色虚线代表湿球0℃层高度）
Figure 6. Yingkou radar reflectivity （a），radial velocity （b） at 0.5° elevation and profiles of reflectivity （c），radial velocity （d），correlation coefficient （e），differential reflectivity （f） along the solid white line in a at 15：36 BT；Yingkou radar reflectivity （g），correlation coefficient （h） at 0.5° elevation at 15：42 BT （the black circle represents the position of misocyclone in a and b；the white box represents the position of the DRC in a，g，h；the area surrounded by the black dashed line in c represents the position of the DRC；the area surrounded by the white dashed line in c—f represents the position of the ZDR column；and the blue dashed line in f represents the height of the wet bulb 0℃ layer）
图 7 15时43分营口雷达1.5°仰角反射率 （a）、径向速度 （b）、相关系数 （c）、差分反射率 （d） 及对应剖面 （e、f、g、h）（b中黑色圆圈代表微尺度气旋位置，d中黑色虚线所围区域代表ZDR弧位置，e—h中黑色虚线所围区域代表龙卷残片特征位置，蓝色虚线所围区域代表低信噪比造成的相关系数低值区，白色虚线所围区域代表有界弱回波区位置）
Figure 7. Yingkou radar reflectivity （a），radial velocity （b），correlation coefficient （c），differential reflectivity （d） at 1.5° elevation and corresponding profiles （e，f，g，h） at 15：43 BT （the black circle represents the position of misocyclone in b，the area surrounded by the black dashed line represents the ZDR arc position in d，the area surrounded by the black dashed line represents the position of TDS ，the area surrounded by the blue dashed line represents the position of low CC value area caused by low signal-to-noise ratio，and the area surrounded by the white dashed line represents the position of BWER in e—h）
图 8 15时45分营口雷达4.4°仰角反射率因子 （a），相关系数 （b），径向速度 （c），差分反射率 （d），速度谱宽 （e） 及比差分相移 （f）（黑色圆圈代表微尺度气旋位置，白色虚线所围区域代表ZDR弧位置，蓝色虚线所围区域代表ZDR盾位置，黄色虚线所围区域代表相关系数低值区）
Figure 8. Yingkou radar reflectivity （a），correlation coefficient （b），radial velocity （c），differential reflectivity （d），spectrum width （e） and specific differential phase （f） at 4.4° elevation at 15：45 BT （the black circle represents the position of the misocyclone，the area surrounded by the white （blue） dashed line represents the position of the ZDR arc （ZDR shield），and the area surrounded by the yellow dashed line represents the low value area of CC）
图 9 营口雷达0.5°仰角15时18分 （a）、15时24分 （c） 反射率及15时19分 （b）、15时25分 （d） 径向速度 （圆圈代表初始涡旋位置）
Figure 9. Yingkou radar reflectivity at 15：18 BT （a），15：24 BT （c） and radial velocity at 15：19 BT （b），15：25 BT （d） at 0.5° elevation （the circles represent the position of initial vortex）
图 10 15时18—52分龙卷涡旋的演变 （圆柱颜色表示不同的仰角，大小表示涡旋直径，叉号和圆圈表示旋转速度，灰色阴影区域代表龙卷及地时段）
Figure 10. Time—height evolution of the tornado vortex from 15：18 BT to 15：52 BT （cylinder colors （size） indicate elevation （vortex diameter），cross and circles indicate rotational velocity，and the gray shaded area represents the time of the tornado reaching the ground）
图 11 营口雷达基本反射率 （a. 15时47分0.5°仰角，b. 15时50分3.3°仰角，c. 沿a、b中白线的剖面） 及径向速度 （d. 15时48 分0.5°仰角，e. 15时50分 3.3°仰角，f. 沿d、e中白线的剖面） （a、d中黑色圆圈代表0.5°仰角龙卷残余涡旋位置，对应剖面图中蓝色三角位置，b、e中白色圆圈代表3.3°仰角涡旋位置，c、f中白色虚线所围区域代表中层中气旋位置）
Figure 11. Yingkou radar reflectivity at 15：47 BT at 0.5° elevation （a），at 15：50 BT at 3.3° elevation （b），cross section along the white line in a，b （c） and radial velocity at 15：48 BT at 0.5° elevation （d），at 15：50 BT at 3.3° elevation （e），cross section along the white line in d，e （f） （the black circles represent the position of tornado residual vortex at 0.5° elevation in a and d，corresponding to the blue triangle in the cross section，the white circles represent the position of vortex at 3.3° elevation in b and e，and the area surrounded by the white dashed line represents the position of the middle-level mesocyclone in c and f）
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