Decay processes and statistical characteristics of continental Northeast China Cold Vortex from April to September
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摘要: 利用ERA-Interim再分析数据，主观识别了2009—2018年4—9月东北冷涡，并根据冷涡所在位置将其客观聚类为5类，其中3类大陆型冷涡主要影响中国东北地区，称为西北类、东北类和东南类冷涡。东北冷涡的消亡方式主要有2种，一是系统高层受非绝热加热侵蚀，二是被平流层高位涡源再吸收。对比分析非绝热消亡和再吸收消亡方式3类大陆型冷涡统计特征的差异及原因。结果表明：（1）西北类和东南类冷涡以非绝热消亡为主而东北类冷涡以再吸收消亡为主；（2）再吸收消亡冷涡强度一般强于非绝热消亡冷涡，这主要是由于前者的北侧平流层高位涡源持续向冷涡系统补充高值位涡，而后者强度不断被降水潜热释放削弱；（3）非绝热消亡冷涡持续时间比再吸收消亡冷涡长，且前者消亡阶段时间占生命期的比例更大；（4）降水和高空槽与冷涡的位置关系是影响冷涡消亡的主要因素。在冷涡气旋环流内部接近冷涡中心的较强降水能直接侵蚀高层冷涡内核区，导致其非绝热消亡；冷涡位于高空槽前或槽底有利于冷涡向北平流以被高位涡源再吸收而消亡。Abstract: The Northeast China Cold Vortex (NCCV) is a major precipitation-producing weather system in northern China. Based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis data, the NCCV cases from April to September during 2009—2018 are identified and objectively clustered into 5 categories according to the location of the NCCV center. Among them, the northwest type, northeast type and southeast type continental NCCVs, named based on their locations, have significant impacts on northern China. The NCCV decay mainly involves two processes: The erosion of upper level PV (potential vorticity) by diabatic heating and reabsorption of the vortex PV back into the stratospheric reservoir. Statistical characteristics of the three types of continental NCCV that decay in the above two ways respectively are compared and analyzed. It is found that: (1) The decay of the northwest and southeast vortexes is mostly caused by diabatic processes, while the decay of the NCCVs is mostly attributed to reabsorption; (2) the intensity of the reabsorption decay type is generally stronger than that of diabatic decay type, as the north stratospheric reservoir is closer to the former. Besides, the latter is continuously weakened by latent heat release associated with precipitation; (3) the lifetime as well as the fraction of the decay phase for the diabatic decay type are longer than those of reabsorption decay type; (4) the location of the high-level trough relative to the NCCV and precipitation within the NCCV are two main factors that impact the NCCV decay. Strong precipitation near the NCCV center can directly erode the core of the vortex, resulting in diabatic decay. When the NCCV is ahead of or at the bottom of the high-level trough, the NCCV can be easily advected northward, leading to its absorption by the stratospheric reservoir.
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图 1 2009—2018年4—9月500 hPa东北冷涡中心成熟时刻空间分布 （不同颜色数字和圆点代表K-means客观聚类后的冷涡类别，其中较大黑边彩色点代表各类平均冷涡中心位置）
Figure 1. Spatial distribution of the NCCV center at its mature phase from April to September during 2009—2018 （colored dots and numbers represent different kinds of the NCCV objective clusters，large colored dots with black edge represent mean locations of the objective clusters）
图 2 大陆型冷涡 （a） 持续时间和 （b） 强度频率 （柱状） 与频次 （折线） 分布
Figure 2. Probability （bars） and number （lines） of （a） lifetime and （b） intensity of continental NCCVs
图 3 2009—2018年4—9月大陆型冷涡路径分布 （a. 西北类，b. 东北类，c. 东南类；黑线代表冷涡过程路径，红、黑和蓝点分别代表初始、成熟和消亡时刻冷涡中心位置）
Figure 3. Tracks of continental NCCVs （a. northwest vortex，b. northeast vortex，c. southeast vortex；black lines represent the tracks of the NCCVs；red，black and blue dots represent center locations of the NCCVs at their initial，mature，and decay phases，respectively）
图 4 大陆型冷涡消亡阶段持续时间与总持续时间之比的频率 （柱状）与频次 （折线）分布
Figure 4. Probability （bars） and number （lines） of the continental NCCV decay phase
图 5 大陆型冷涡消亡方式频率分布 （数字代表样本数）
Figure 5. Probability of the ways of decay for continental NCCVs （the number of NCCV cases is shown on the bar）
图 6 不同消亡方式下大陆型冷涡平均 （a） 强度、（b） 消亡时刻纬度分布、（c） 冷涡持续时间及 （d） 消亡阶段持续时间占比 （FDP） （箱线的上、下限分别代表75百分位和25百分位，箱内黑线代表中位数，箱上、下黑线分别代表最大值和最小值）
Figure 6. Box-and-whiskers plots of the continental NCCV mean intensity （a），latitude at decay phase （b），lifetime （c），and FDP （d） under two decay scenarios （shaded boxes span over the 25th and 75th percentiles，and whiskers extend downward to the minimum and upward to the maximum of the data，median values are marked by black lines in the boxes）
图 7 两种消亡方式大陆型冷涡 （a、b） 强度和 （c、d） 消亡时刻纬度分布及 （e、f） 冷涡持续时间的对比 （箱线的上、下限分别代表75百分位和25百分位，箱内黑线代表中位数，箱上、下黑线分别代表最大值和最小值）
Figure 7. Box-and-whiskers plots of the continental NCCV mean （a，b） intensity，（c，d） latitude at decay phase and （e，f） lifetime under two decay scenarios （shaded boxes span over the 25th and 75th percentiles，and whiskers extend downward to the minimum and upward to the maximum of the data，median values are marked by black lines in the boxes）
图 8 东南类冷涡300—200 hPa平均位涡距平水平分布 （a. 非绝热消亡，b. 再吸收消亡；红色等值线、灰阶和蓝色等值线分别代表初始、成熟和消亡时刻位涡分布，单位：PVU；星形代表冷涡位置）
Figure 8. Horizontal distributions of mean potential vorticity anomalies of southeast vortex between 200—300 hPa （a. diabatic decay，b. reabsorption；the red，gray and blue contours represent potential vorticity （unit：PVU） distribution at the initial，mature and decay phase，respectively；the stars represent the locations of the NCCVs）
图 9 两种消亡方式大陆型冷涡成熟阶段日累计降水量 （a、b. 西北类冷涡，c、d. 东北类冷涡，e、f. 东南类冷涡；a、c、e. 非绝热消亡冷涡，b、d、f. 再吸收消亡冷涡；红色等值线为冷涡成熟时刻850 hPa位势高度，单位：gpm；色阶为日累计降水量；箭头为冷涡成熟时刻850 hPa风场）
Figure 9. Composite daily accumulated precipitation at mature phase of continental vortex under the two decay scenarios （a，b. northwest vortex，c，d. northeast vortex，e，f. southeast vortex；a，c，e. diabatic decay NCCVs，b，d，f. reabsorption decay NCCVs；red contours represent geopotential height at 850 hPa，unit：gpm；shadings represents daily accumulated precipitation；and arrows represent horizontal wind at 850 hPa at the mature phase）
图 10 两种消亡方式大陆型冷涡消亡时刻250 hPa形势场 （a、b. 西北类冷涡，c、d. 东北类冷涡，e、f. 东南类冷涡；a、c、e. 非绝热消亡冷涡，b、d、f. 再吸收消亡冷涡；黑色等值线为250 hPa位势高度，单位：gpm；红色等值线为消亡时刻300—200 hPa平均位涡距平分布，单位：PVU；色阶为250 hPa经向风风速，箭头代表250 hPa水平风场）
Figure 10. Continental vortex composite environmental conditions at decay phase under the two decay scenarios （a，b. northwest vortex，c，d. northeast vortex，e，f. southeast vortex；a，c，e. diabatic decay，b，d，f. reabsorption decay；geopotential height at 250 hPa，black contours，unit：gpm； v-component wind velocity at 250 hPa，shaded， horizontal wind at 250 hPa，vectors；and potential vorticity anomaly between 200—300 hPa，red contours，unit：PVU）
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