Abstract: The Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility, also known as EarthLab, is a national-level key scientific and technological infrastructure project in China during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. The project was officially completed in Huairou Comprehensive National Science Center in October 2022. The objectives of the project are: 1) to explore the physical, chemical and biological processes of the atmosphere, as well as the hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere on Earth’s surface and their interactions, and probe the effects of these interactions on the overall Earth system and regional environment over China; 2) to merge simulated and observed data to improve the accuracy of predictions, achieve quantitative descriptions and simulations of complex processes of the Earth system under mesoscale resolution, and scientifically underpin major issues such as national disaster mitigation, the response to climate change, and governance of the atmospheric environment; and 3) to promote interdisciplinary collaboration and integration across various branches of Earth system science and elevate China’s all-embracing advancements in this field to an internationally renowned level. This article will review the international development trends of Earth system numerical simulation facilities, with a particular focus on the composition and functions, major achievements, and future plans of China’s “Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility”.